For the evaluation of the salmonella results as part of salmonella monitoring, please note the current QS salmonella guidelines!
You can get the guidelines at:
https://www.q-s.de/dokumentencenter/dokumentenuebersicht.html#monitoringprogramme
Compliance with the ordinance on reducing the spread of Salmonella by slaughter pigs (Swine Salmonella Ordinance) of March 13, 2007, is not equivalent to participation in Salmonella monitoring as a fundamental part of the QS test certification program!
In that program, the Qualiproof database is used by QS Qualität und Sicherheit GmbH, Bonn, Germany (https://www.q-s.de/en/), as the central Salmonella database, which is maintained by Qualitype AG, Dresden, Germany (https://www.qualiproof.de/).
For data from Salmonella test results to be included in the Qualiproof database, we must have both the Vet ID of the veterinarian and the VVVO number of the farm, and you must enter into the Qualiproof database that we are the authorized laboratory for your practice. For more information, please see the QS guidelines to be found at the website:
https://www.q-s.de/documentcenter/documents.html#monitoring-programmes
If you do not wish to participate in the Qualiproof program, you or the animal owner must maintain records about the results of Salmonella testing.
Remarks on the interpretation of test results by IDT Biologika GmbH:
Representative isolates of the different subtypes were used here for the analysis of influenza A virus-specific antibodies via the hemagglutination inhibition test. These are tested regularly for their validity for the subtypes occurring in the field.
Seroconversion with influenza normally begins after the 7th day after infection, with a peak to be expected on the 14th day after infection. Therefore, these test results can only be interpreted for the herd status 7 to 14 days before the collection of the serum samples. Should clinical signs of respiratory disease have occurred in the herd shortly before the sampling, we recommend that additional samples be taken at a later time.
Very high antibody titers (=320 to 2560) in the majority of animals of an age group are suggestive of a relatively recent infection of this group.
Low antibody titers (20 to 80) are suggestive of previous infections or infection with subtypes that have a lower virulence or that cross-react (especially in the case of pandemic subtypes).
In general, antibodies will disappear three to four months after infection; only after re-occurring infections with the same subtype antibody titres remain stable.
If only a low titer of antibodies is detected in just a few animals of a herd, this may be an unspecific test reaction or indicate that these individual animals had contact to influenza prior to their inclusion in the herd. It is also possible that these are residual maternal antibodies of younger animals.
Gilts born to sows that have been vaccinated repeatedly in general do not (or do not clearly) sero-convert after initial vaccination. Challenge studies have however shown that these animals are nonetheless protected from clinical signs.
If the sampled pigs have had several contacts with different subtypes of influenza A virus, cross-reactions to the pandemic subtypes in the test may occur. For this reason, positive antibody titers of the pandemic subtypes must be interpreted with caution. Results are certain only if antibodies are found solely against the pandemic subtypes, or if the titers of the pandemic subtypes are much higher than those against the other subtypes of the test. In the latter case, this may not occur with all sera from a group of animals.
Adhesines | Virulence factors and toxins |
F4 (F4 fimbriae) | Intimin (required for the penetration into epithelial cells) |
F5 (F5 fimbriae) | LTI (heat labile enterotoxin) |
F6 (F6 fimbriae) | STI (heat stable enterotoxin) |
F18 (F18 fimbriae) | STII (heat stable enterotoxin) |
F41 (F41 fimbriae) | EAST-I (heat stable enterotoxin) |
fimH (Type 1 fimbriae) | stx2e (Shiga toxin variant 2e) |
fimA (Type 1 fimbriae) | cdtB (cytolethal distending toxin) |
papC (P fimbriae) | cnf1 (zytotoxic nekrotising factor type 1) |
aidA (AIDA-I autotransporter adhesine) | iucD (required for the synthesis of iron complexing agents) |
paa (porcine adherence factor) | escV (type III sekretions system) |
pic (serin protease autotransporter) |
Fimbriae /Adhesins | Toxins | Symptoms | |
INTESTINAL PATHOGENIC E.coli (InPEC) | |||
enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) | Intimin (paa) | escV (pic) | Diarrhea due to malabsorption |
enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC) | F4, F5, F6, F18, F41 (AIDA) (paa) | STI, STII,LTI (EAST) (Stx2e) (Hemolysin) | Diarrhea due to hypersekretion |
Shigatoxin-producing E. coli (STEC) | Intimin | Stx2e (escV) | catarrhal, hemorrhagic diarrhea |
Edema disease E. coli (EDEC) | F18 (AIDA) | Stx2e (Hemolysin) | Edema disease |
necrotoxic E. coli (NTEC) | papC | cnf1 (cdtB) (Hemolysin) | Diarrhea |
EXTRAINTESTINAL PATHOGENIC E. coli (ExPEC) | |||
septicemic E. coli (SEPEC) | papC | iucD, cnf1 oder cnf1, cdtB | hemorrhagic septicemia |
uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) | papC (fimH) | cnf1, iucD (Hämolysin) | coliform mastitis in sows, infections of the urogenital tract |
(information in brackets): target genes and factors that are often but not necessarily detected.
The hemolysin can be identified based on hemolysis on blood agar.
Pathogenic isolates generally carry a combination of fimbriae/adhesins and toxins. Several different toxins and adhesins can be present at the same time and in different combinations.
Adhesines | Virulence factors and toxins |
F4 (F4 fimbriae) | Intimin (required for the penetration into epithelial cells) |
F5 (F5 fimbriae) | LTI (heat labile enterotoxin) |
F6 (F6 fimbriae) | STI (heat stable enterotoxin) |
F17 (F17 fimbriae) | STII (heat stable enterotoxin) |
F41 (F41 fimbriae) | EAST-I (heat stable enterotoxin) |
fimH (Type 1 fimbriae) | stx1 (Shiga toxin variant 1) |
fimA (Type 1 fimbriae) | stx2 (Shiga toxin variant 2) |
papC (P fimbriae) | cdtB (cytolethal distending toxin) |
aidA (AIDA-I autotransporter adhesine) | cnf1 (zytotoxic nekrotising factor type 1) |
paa (porcine adherence factor) | iucD (required for the synthesis of iron complexing agents) |
escV (type III secretion system) | |
pic (serin protease autotransporter) |
Fimbriae /Adhesins | Toxins | Symptoms | |
INTESTINAL PATHOGENIC E.coli (InPEC) | |||
enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) | Intimin | escV | hemorrhagic dysentery (1-6 weeks) |
enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC) | F5, F41 | STI | neonatal diarrhea (0-1 weeks) |
Shigatoxin producing E. coli (STEC) | Intimin | Stx1 und/oder Stx2 (escV) | hemorrhagic dysentery (1-6 weeks) |
nekrotoxic E. coli (NTEC) | papC | cnf1 (cdtB) (Hämolysin) | Diarrhea |
EXTRAINTESTINAL PATHOGENIC E. coli (ExPEC) | |||
septicemic E. coli (SEPEC) | F17, papC | cnf1, cdtB, iucD | Septicemia |
cnf1 | Mastitis |
(information in brackets): target genes and factors that are often but not necessarily detected.
The hemolysin can be identified based on hemolysis on blood agar.
Pathogenic isolates generally carry a combination of fimbriae/adhesins and toxins. Several different toxins and adhesins can be present at the same time and in different combinations.